College Libray

  Java looping In Java, **looping** allows a block of code to be executed repeatedly based on a condition. Loops are especially useful when you need to perform repetitive tasks, process collections, or iterate over arrays. There are four main types of loops in Java: 1. For Loop The `for` loop is used when the number of iterations is known in advance. It consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and update. for (initialization; condition; update) {     // code to be executed } Example for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {     System.out.println("Iteration: " + i); } In this example: - Initialization: `int i = 0` (the loop starts at 0). - Condition: `i < 5` (the loop runs while `i` is less than 5). Update: `i++` (the value of `i` is incremented by 1 after each iteration). 2. while Loop The `while` loop repeats a block of code while a given condition is `true`. It is used when the number of iterations is unknown, and the condition is ...

  Java decision-making   Java decision-making refers to how Java programs make choices or determine the flow of execution based on conditions. The most common structures for decision-making in Java include: 1. if Statement 2. if-else Statement 3. else if` Ladder 4. switch Statement 1. if Statement The `if` statement evaluates a condition and executes a block of code if the condition is `true`. Syntax: if (condition) {     // code to be executed if condition is true } Example: int age = 18; if (age >= 18) {     System.out.println("You are an adult."); }    2. if-else Statement The `if-else` statement allows for two outcomes: one if the condition is `true`, and another if it is `false`. if (condition) {     // code to be executed if condition is true } else {     // code to be executed if condition is false } Example: int age = 16; if (age >= 18) {     System.out.println("You are an ad...

Java Operators  In Java, operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. They can be classified into different types based on the operation they perform. Below is a summary of Java operators: 1. Arithmetic Operators These operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations. - `+` (Addition) - `-` (Subtraction) - `*` (Multiplication) - `/` (Division) - `%` (Modulus) 2. Unary Operators Unary operators perform operations on a single operand. - `+` (Unary plus) - `-` (Unary minus) - `++` (Increment) - `--` (Decrement) - `!` (Logical NOT) 3. Relational (Comparison) Operators These operators compare two values and return a boolean result (`true` or `false`). - `==` (Equal to) - `!=` (Not equal to) - `>` (Greater than) - `<` (Less than) - `>=` (Greater than or equal to) - `<=` (Less than or equal to) 4. Logical Operators Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements. - `&&` (Logical AND) - `||` (Logical OR) - `!` (Logical ...

 Java Constants In Java, constants are typically variables that are marked as final and cannot be changed once assigned. Constants are used to define values that should remain the same throughout the execution of the program. Here’s how you can create constants in Java: Integer Constants In Java, integer constants are values that represent fixed integer numbers and are defined using the int or long data types. Integer constants can be declared using the final keyword and are often made static if they are part of a class. Types of Integer Constants: Decimal : Standard integer literals (e.g., 10 , 42 , 100 ). Hexadecimal : Prefixed with 0x or 0X (e.g., 0x1A , 0xFF ). Binary : Prefixed with 0b or 0B (e.g., 0b1010 , 0b1101 ). Octal : Prefixed with 0 (e.g., 012 , 077 ). Real Constants In Java, real constants refer to floating-point numbers, which represent real numbers (numbers with decimal points). These constants are typically declared using the float or double data typ...

java program structure                     Java program may contain many classes of which only one class define a main method. Class contain data members and methods that operate on the data members of the class.   Documentation Section In Java, comments are used to annotate code and are ignored by the compiler. Java supports two types of comments: single-line and multi-line comments. 1.Single-Line Comments Syntax: Single-line comments start with `//` and continue to the end of the line. Use Case: Ideal for brief explanations or notes that occupy only one line. Example: class MyClass {      public static void main(String[] args)            {              int number = 10; // This is a single-line comment              System.out.println(number); // Outpu...